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first break count

  • 1 first break count

    1. отсчёт времени первого вступления (сейсм.)

     

    отсчёт времени первого вступления (сейсм.)
    —
    [ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > first break count

  • 2 first break count

    сейсм. отсчет времени первого вступления

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > first break count

  • 3 first break count

    сейсм. отсчёт времени первого вступления

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > first break count

  • 4 first break count

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first break count

  • 5 first break count

    English-Russian seismology dictionary > first break count

  • 6 first break count; first event count count

    Англо-русский словарь по ядерным испытаниям и горному делу > first break count; first event count count

  • 7 count

    1. счёт, отсчёт, число отсчётов || считать, подсчитывать

    * * *
    1) счёт, подсчёт
    2) количество; число
    •
    - bit count
    - carat count
    - diamond count
    - first break count
    - first trough count
    - increased insert count
    - salvage count
    - sand count
    - stone count
    - timing line count
    * * *

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > count

  • 8 break even

    For a while he broke even, then started to lose. (E. S. Gardner, ‘The Case of the Hesitant Hostess’, ch. 3) — Некоторое время Мейсон оставался при своих, а потом начал проигрывать.

    2) покрыть свои расходы; окупиться

    At a rough count we've 23 plants just breaking even. (S. Chaplin, ‘Sam in the Morning’, ch. 3) — По предварительному подсчету у нас имеется 23 завода, которые еле-еле окупаются.

    It is the first time in four years that the firm broke even. — Впервые за четыре года фирма завершила год без убытка.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > break even

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 11 tie

    taɪ
    1. сущ.
    1) а) узел б) завязка, шнурок;
    мн. полуботинки в) галстук to loosen one's tie ≈ ослабить узел галстука г) строит. растянутый элемент, затяжка д) амер. ж.-д. шпала to count the ties разг. ≈ идти по шпалам
    2) а) связь, соединение;
    тех. связь б) муз. лига в) мн. узы to cement, strengthen ties ≈ укреплять связь to cut, sever ties with ≈ разорвать связь/отношения с, прекратить общение с to establish ties with ≈ установить связь с close, intimate, strong ties ≈ сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт old school ties ≈ старая школьная дружба г) обуза, тягота
    3) а) равный счет( голосов избирателей или очков в игре) б) спорт;
    перен. игра вничью
    2. гл.
    1) а) завязывать(ся), привязывать (тж. tie down;
    to - к чему-л.) б) шнуровать ботинки в) перевязывать( рану и т.д.) г) скреплять
    2) а) связывать, стеснять свободу tied to/for time ≈ связанный временем б) ограничивать условиями в) обязывать
    3) сравнять счет, сыграть вничью;
    прийти ноздря в ноздрю (о лошадях на скачках) ∙ tie down tie in tie into tie on tie to tie together tie up Syn: bind, fasten, hitch, lash, moor, secure, truss Ant: free, loosen, separate, sever, unbind бечевка, лента, шнур;
    узел, петля;
    скрепа;
    скоба - the dog broke its * собака сорвалась с привязи обыкн. pl узы;
    связь - the *s of friendship узы дружбы - the *s of blood, blood *s кровные узы, узы кровного родства - family *s семейные узы - the silken * узы любви и дружбы - to break a * of smth. разорвать узы чего-л. долг, обязательство - the *s of patriotism патриотический долг - the *s of moral duty моральные обязательства - a man free from bonds and *s человек, не связанный никакими обязательствами - I was under the * of secrecy я должен был хранить тайну обуза - the dog was rather a * пес его связывал, уход за псом был обременителен - the children are a great * on her дети ей в тягость равное число голосов (избирателей) галстук - four-in-hand * галстук-самовяз - to loosen one's * ослабить галстук (американизм) шпала - to count /to hit/ the *s (разговорное) идти по шпалам pl (разговорное) низкие ботинки со шнурками (спортивное) игра вничью;
    состязание, в котором соперники приходят к финишу одновременно - to end in a * закончиться вничью( спортивное) матч между победителями предыдущих соревнований;
    решающая встреча (после ничьей) - * breaker дополнительный матч - to play /to shoot/ off a * сыграть решающую партию (музыкальное) лига, знак легато( морское) (причальный) бридель( специальное) связь (строительство) растянутый элемент;
    затяжка > black * (дипломатическое) смокинг > white * (дипломатическое) фрак > the old school * солидарность, дух товарищества;
    снобизм связывать, привязывать - to * a horse to a tree привязать лошадь к дереву - to * smth. in a bunch связать что-л. в пучок - to * smb.'s hands связать кому-л. руки (тж. перен.) перевязывать - to * the package перевязать сверток - to * an artery (медицина) перевязать артерию вплетать - to * a ribbon in the hair вплести ленту в волосы связывать узлами - to * the (marriage, nuptial) knot соединять узами брака, венчать преим. p.p. связывать, соединять - to be *d to the mainland by an isthmus быть связанным с материком перешейком скреплять;
    завязывать (узлом) ;
    перевязывать;
    шнуровать - to * the legs of a table связать /скрепить/ ножки стола - to * a bonnet завязать шляпку - to * one's shoes шнуровать ботинки - to * a piece of ribbon into a knot завязать ленту бантом - to * the string tighter затянуть шнурок завязываться, соединяться - the band *s in front лента завязывается спереди - the rope won't * эту веревку не завяжешь стеснять свободу действий;
    обязывать;
    обременять, стеснять - *d to /for/ time связанный /ограниченный/ временем - to * smb. to secrecy потребовать от кого-л. соблюдения тайны - the garden *s him very much сад очень связывает его ограничивать условиями - I shan't * you too rigidly я не стану ставить вам слишком жесткие условия сковывать;
    препятствовать - the wood *s the saw дерево зажимает пилу, пила застревает в полене - he was *d by illness to his bed недуг приковал его к постели - he is *d to the job он привязан к работе, из-за работы он никуда не может уехать( американизм) вязать (в снопы) (американизм) (разговорное) присоединяться;
    согласовываться - the fact *s to no other этот факт никак не связан с другими (to) (американизм) (разговорное) полагаться( на кого-л., что-л.) - he wants smb. to * to ему нужна опора( into) (американизм) (разговорное) заниматься( чем-л.) ;
    приниматься( за что-л.) - on the following day we *d into it again на следующий день мы снова впряглись в работу (into) (сленг) набрасываться( на кого-л.), резко критиковать( кого-л.) получать равное число голосов - to two parties *d обе партии получили равное число голосов (спортивное) сравнять счет;
    сыграть вничью;
    прийти голова в голову (о лошади) - to * with smb. сыграть вничью с кем-л. - to * with smb. for the first place поделить с кем-л. первое и второе места - the two teams *d команды сыграли вничью сравнять (счет) - to * the score сыграть вничью;
    сравнять счет (музыкальное) соединять знаком легато, лигой (американизм) укладывать шпалы - to * a railroad track укладывать шпалы на железнодорожном пути( сленг) знать что-л. подобное;
    знать кое-что почище - he borrows my car and thinks he's done me a favour. Can you * that? он пользуется моей машиной и считает, что делает мне одолжение. Вы что-либо подобное слышали? /Неплохо, а?, Слыханное ли это дело?/ > to * oneself in(to) knots запутаться в трудностях > to * smb.'s tongue заставить кого-л. молчать > to * smb. hand and foot, to * smb. neck and heels связывать кого-л. по рукам и ногам > to ride and попеременно ехать верхом и идти пешком (о нескольких путниках, имеющих одну лошадь) > to * smb. by the leg (американизм) сковывать кого-л. to be tied up быть связанным to be tied up разг. жениться, выйти замуж to be tied up объединяться, соединять усилия( with) ;
    тесно примыкать( with) to be tied up прекратить работу, забастовать to be tied up совпадать, сходиться;
    it ties up with what you were told before это совпадает с тем, что вам рассказали ранее to be tied up швартоваться ~ амер. шпала;
    to count the ties разг. идти по шпалам ~ равный счет (голосов избирателей или очков в игре) ;
    игра вничью;
    to end in a tie закончиться вничью family ~ семейные узы ~ up привязать;
    перевязать;
    связать;
    I don't tie it up это не вызывает у меня никаких ассоциаций, воспоминаний to be tied up совпадать, сходиться;
    it ties up with what you were told before это совпадает с тем, что вам рассказали ранее ~ сравнять счет, сыграть вничью;
    прийти голова в голову (о лошадях на бегах или скачках) ;
    the teams tied команды сыграли вничью tie галстук ~ завязка, шнурок ~ завязывать(ся) ;
    привязывать (тж. tie down;
    to - к чему-л.) ;
    шнуровать (ботинки) ;
    перевязывать (голову и т. п.;
    часто tie up) ;
    tie it in a knot завяжите узлом ~ муз. лига ~ ограничивать условиями ~ pl полуботинки ~ равный счет (голосов избирателей или очков в игре) ;
    игра вничью;
    to end in a tie закончиться вничью ~ стр. растянутый элемент, затяжка ~ связывать, стеснять свободу;
    обязывать (тж. tie down, tie up) ;
    tied to (или for) time связанный временем ~ тех. связь ~ связь, соединение;
    узел ~ скреплять ~ сравнять счет, сыграть вничью;
    прийти голова в голову (о лошадях на бегах или скачках) ;
    the teams tied команды сыграли вничью ~ тягота, обуза ~ pl узы;
    the ties of friendship узы дружбы ~ амер. шпала;
    to count the ties разг. идти по шпалам ~ down привязать ~ down связывать, стеснять ~ in навязывать принудительный ассортимент ~ in присоединить ~ in продавать на определенных условиях ~ in продавать с нагрузкой ~ in связаться( with - с кем-л.) ~ завязывать(ся) ;
    привязывать (тж. tie down;
    to - к чему-л.) ;
    шнуровать (ботинки) ;
    перевязывать (голову и т. п.;
    часто tie up) ;
    tie it in a knot завяжите узлом ~ up замораживать ~ up консервировать ~ up ограничить свободу действий;
    мешать, препятствовать ~ up препятствовать ~ up привязать;
    перевязать;
    связать;
    I don't tie it up это не вызывает у меня никаких ассоциаций, воспоминаний ~ up приостанавливать ~ связывать, стеснять свободу;
    обязывать (тж. tie down, tie up) ;
    tied to (или for) time связанный временем ~ pl узы;
    the ties of friendship узы дружбы

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > tie

  • 12 ♦ up

    ♦ up (1) /ʌp/
    A avv.
    1 su; di sopra; in alto; in su: The lift is going up, l'ascensore sta salendo; Prices are going up, i prezzi stanno andando su (o stanno salendo); When the doctor arrives, send him up, quando arriva il medico, mandamelo di sopra; The water supply was cut off from the fourth floor up, è venuta a mancare l'acqua dal quarto piano in su; a few inches further up, alcuni centimetri più in su
    2 (fam. ingl.) oltre ( di età): Many people 60 and up continue working full time, molte persone di 60 anni e oltre continuano a lavorare a tempo pieno
    3 in piedi; ritto; alzato: Stand up!, alzati!; alzatevi!; in piedi!; We stayed up until 2 watching the election results, siamo rimasti in piedi fino alle due a guardare i risultati delle elezioni; She sat up in bed and had a cup of tea, si è alzata a sedere sul letto e ha bevuto una tazza di tè; He jumped up to answer the door, è balzato in piedi per andare a vedere chi c'era alla porta; She wore her hair up, portava i capelli tirati su
    4 avanti; vicino: She walked up to her father and put her arms round him, si è avvicinata al padre e lo ha abbracciato; A policeman came up and moved us on, è venuto da noi un poliziotto e ci ha fatti circolare; There's a good restaurant further up ( o up ahead), più avanti c'è un buon ristorante
    5 (enfat.) completamente; fino in fondo; The sand has clogged up the canal, la sabbia ha interamente ostruito il canale; We used up all the butter, abbiamo consumato tutto il burro
    6 ( indica direzione verso il nord, verso chi parla o verso un luogo più importante; è idiom.; per es.:) to go up to London [to Scotland], andare a Londra ( dalla provincia) [andare in Scozia ( dall' Inghilterra)]; I'm going up to town, vado in città; My father is up from the country, è arrivato mio padre dalla campagna
    7 (ingl.) all'università: She's going up to Oxford in the autumn, va all'università a Oxford in autunno
    8 ( indica divisione in parti piccole o uguali; per es.:) She cut the cake up into four equal slices, ha tagliato il dolce in quattro fette uguali; They divided the money up between them, si sono spartiti i soldi tra di loro
    9 (indica l'azione di chiudere o legare qc.; per es.:) Don't forget to lock up, non dimenticare di chiudere a chiave; She tied up the flowers with a bow, ha legato insieme i fiori con un fiocco
    11 ( calcio, ecc.) in vantaggio: We were 3-1 up at half time, a metà partita eravamo in vantaggio per 3 a 1; ( basket) to be up ten, essere sopra di dieci punti; (autom.) He finished first, one tenth of a second up, è arrivato primo con un vantaggio di un decimo di secondo; ( golf) to be one [two, three, etc.] up, essere in vantaggio di una [di due, di tre, ecc.] buche
    12 (nei verbi frasali, è idiom.; per es.:) to break up, rompere, spezzare; ecc.; to buy up, accaparrarsi; ecc. (► to break, to buy; ecc.)
    B inter.
    1 su!; in piedi!
    2 evviva!; viva!: Up with the Socialists!, evviva i socialisti!
    ● up against, contro: The crowd was crushed up against the police cordon, la folla era schiacciata contro i cordoni della polizia □ up and down, su e giù; avanti e indietro; dappertutto: The cork bobbed up and down on the water, il sughero ballonzolava su e giù sull'acqua; We walked up and down, abbiamo passeggiato avanti e indietro □ up here, quassù □ (fig.) up in the air, ( di una cosa) ipotetico, vago; ( di una persona) indeciso, dubbioso □ up there, lassù □ up to, fino a: to count from one up to one hundred, contare da uno fino a cento; up to 1995, fino al 1995; up to one thousand people, fino a mille persone; ben mille persone; We'll grant you up to 20% off the price list, vi faremo fino al 20% di sconto sul prezzo di listino; to be up to one's knees in mud, essere immerso nel fango fino alle ginocchia □ (fig.) to be up to one's neck (o ears, o eyes) in st., essere in qc. fino al collo; essere sommerso da qc.; I'm up to my ears in debt, sono indebitato fino al collo; He's up to his eyes in work, è sommerso dal lavoro □ up to date, aggiornato, al corrente; (comm.: di un estratto conto) compilato a tutt'oggi: to keep st. up to date, tenere aggiornato qc.; to bring st. up to date, aggiornare, rammodernare qc.; to keep up to date, tenersi aggiornato, al corrente; stare al passo con i tempi; to keep up to date with the news, tenersi informato delle ultime novità □ up-to-date (agg. attr.), aggiornato, moderno: up-to-date office equipment, moderne attrezzature per ufficio; up-to-date information, informazioni aggiornate □ up to speed, ( di sistema, ecc.) funzionante a pieno regime; ( di persona) al corrente: The system is now up to speed, il sistema ora funziona a pieno regime; They brought her up to speed on all the latest developments, l'hanno messa al corrente di tutti gli ultimi sviluppi □ (fam.) to be (o to have had it) up to here with sb. [st.], averne fin sopra i capelli di q. [qc.]: I've had it up to here with him [his whining], ne ho fin sopra i capelli di lui [dei suoi piagnistei] □ up to now, finora □ (geogr.) as far up as Edinburgh, fino all'altezza di Edimburgo ( andando da sud a nord) □ ( marina mil.) Up periscope!, fuori il periscopio! □ Hands up!, mani in alto! □ ( scritto su un pacco) «This side up», «alto» □ When his blood is up, quando gli va il sangue alla testa □ (autom.) «Road up» ( cartello), «lavori in corso».
    NOTA D'USO: - up to o down to?- ♦ up (2) /ʌp/
    prep.
    1 su; su per: The boy climbed up the ladder, il ragazzo si è arrampicato sulla scala; Can you help me carry the trunk up the stairs?, mi aiuti a portare il baule su per le scale?; to walk up a hill, risalire (a piedi) una collina
    2 più avanti in; in fondo a; verso la cima, la sorgente di ( un fiume, ecc.): There's a post office up the road, più avanti ( nella strada) c'è un ufficio postale; to walk up a street, camminare lungo una strada (spec. in salita o verso il centro della città); to walk up and down the street, andare su e giù per la strada; a trip up the Rhine, un viaggio risalendo il Reno; There's a cafe a bit further up the hill, c'è un caffé un po' più in su sulla collina
    ● up-country ► upcountry □ up front (avv.), ► upfront □ up-front (agg. e n.), ► upfront □ up hill and down dale, per mari e per monti; da tutte le parti; senza meta □ up-stream ► upstream □ (mus.) up-tempo, dal ritmo veloce: an up-tempo number, un up-tempo □ (fam.) up top, nella zucca, nella testa: to have st. up top, avere qc. in mente □ (volg.) Up yours!, vaffanculo (volg.); ( anche) col cavolo!; non rompere! (volg.).
    ♦ up (3) /ʌp/
    A a. pred.
    1 alzato; in piedi; tirato su: The car windows were up, i finestrini della macchina erano alzati; The children aren't up yet, i bambini non sono ancora alzati; I was up all night with a stomach bug, sono rimasto in piedi tutta la notte per un disturbo allo stomaco; DIALOGO → - Putting the heating on- I have to be up early, at 6.30, devo alzarmi presto, alle 6:30
    2 alto: The wind is up, si è alzato il vento; The moon was up, si era alzata la luna; la luna è alta in cielo; The sun isn't up yet, il sole non s'è ancora alzato
    3 esposto: The notice had been up for a week, il cartello era esposto da una settimana
    4 edificato; costruito: That new office block still isn't up, il nuovo palazzo di uffici non è ancora stato costruito
    5 (fig.) alto; elevato; salito: The temperature is up again, la temperatura (o la febbre) è di nuovo alta; Rents are up, gli affitti sono alti (o cari); Share prices are up this week, questa settimana le quotazioni (di borsa) sono salite; Unemployment is up again, la disoccupazione è di nuovo salita
    6 (econ., Borsa) al rialzo; in aumento: The pound is up against the euro, la sterlina si è rafforzata rispetto all'euro; House prices are up by 18% over the last year, i prezzi degli immobili sono saliti del 18% nel corso dello scorso anno; Profits are up on last year's, gli utili sono più alti rispetto all'anno scorso
    7 chiuso per lavori: The road was up so we had to turn back, la strada era chiusa per lavori, quindi abbiamo dovuto tornare indietro
    8 (fam.) preparato; pronto: Tea's up, il tè è pronto
    9 (comput.: di un computer) funzionante: The computer will be back up in ten minutes, il computer sarà di nuovo in grado di funzionare fra dieci minuti
    10 (fam. USA) di buon umore
    11 ( slang USA) in forma; al meglio
    12 ( slang) drogato; fatto (pop.)
    13 finito; terminato: The game is up, il gioco è finito ( anche fig.); Your time's up, è finito il tempo a tua disposizione; (fig.) Time's up for the government, il governo ha le ore contate
    14 ( tennis: della palla) buona, giocabile ( dopo un solo rimbalzo)
    B a. attr.
    1 che va in su; in salita: the up escalator, la scala mobile che sale
    2 (trasp.) verso la città; verso la capitale; (spec.) verso Londra: I took the first up train in the morning, la mattina ho preso il primo treno per Londra; (ferr.) the up line, la linea per Londra; (ferr.) the up platform, il binario del treno per Londra
    C n.
    (fin., Borsa) rialzo: All shares are on the up, tutte le azioni sono in rialzo
    D n. pl.
    – the ups, gli alti: the ups and downs of life, gli alti e bassi (o le vicende alterne) della vita
    ● to be up (impers.), (stare per) succedere, bollire in pentola (fig.): DIALOGO → - Organizing a meeting- What's up?, che succede?; che c'è?; What's up with you?, che cosa ti succede?; che c'è (che non va)?; I realized at once that something was up, ho capito subito che c'era qualcosa che bolliva in pentola □ to be up against st., trovarsi di fronte qc.; essere alle prese con qc.: We were up against serious difficulties, ci siamo trovati alle prese con serie difficoltà □ to be up against it, essere nei guai: You'll be up against it if the factory shuts down, sarete nei guai se la fabbrica chiude □ to be up and about, essere di nuovo in piedi ( dopo una malattia); essere in piena attività: We were up and about by 6, alle sei, eravamo già in piena attività □ to be up and doing, darsi da fare: I can't sit still, I like to be up and doing, non riesco a starmene con le mani in mano, mi piace darmi da fare □ to be up and running (o going), funzionare perfettamente □ to be up for st., presentarsi a qc., essere sottoposto a qc.; (leg.) comparire in giudizio per qc.; (fam.) aver voglia di fare qc.: The budget will be up for revision next month, il bilancio preventivo sarà sottoposto a revisione il mese prossimo; The issue will be up for discussion at the next meeting, la questione sarà discussa nella prossima riunione; He was up for armed robbery, è comparso in giudizio per rapina a mano armata; to be up for re-election, ripresentarsi alle elezioni; to be up for a job [a post], candidarsi per un posto di lavoro [per un incarico]; to be up for sale [adoption], essere in vendita [in adozione]; DIALOGO → - Pool- Are you up for a game of pool?, hai voglia di fare (o ti va) una partita a biliardo?; Are you up for it?, ti va? □ to be (well) up on (o in, with) st., essere ferrato in qc. □ to be up to st., essere all'altezza di qc.; stare combinando qc.; star facendo qc.: The goods were not up to standard, la merce non era conforme agli standard; He isn't up to his job, non è all'altezza del suo lavoro; What are the children up to?, che cosa stanno combinando i bambini?; DIALOGO → - Discussing football- What are you up to on Saturday?, cosa fai sabato?; That dog is up to no good, quel cane sta combinando un guaio (o ne sta facendo una delle sue) □ to be up to sb., spettare (o toccare) a q.: It's up to him to decide, spetta a lui decidere; That's up to you!, sta a te decidere (o intervenire, agire, ecc.)! □ to be up with sb., essere alla pari con, essere al livello di q.: He's up with the best players in the world, è al livello dei migliori giocatori del mondo □ to feel up to st., sentirsela di fare qc.: I'm staying at home; I don't feel up to such a long trip, resto a casa; non me la sento di fare un viaggio così lungo □ (comput.) up arrow, freccia in su; freccia su □ (fin.) an up market, un mercato al rialzo □ (fam.) to be on the up, essere in ascesa; essere in aumento □ (fam.) to be on the up-and-up, (ingl.) andare a gonfie vele (fig.); ( USA) essere onesto, sincero □ (fam. USA) up-and-up, onesto; affidabile; di (tutta) fiducia.
    (to) up /ʌp/
    A v. i.
    1 – (fam.) to up and…, fare (qc.) all'improvviso; prendere (e…): One day Tom just upped and went to Australia, Tom un bel giorno ha preso e se n'è andato in Australia
    2 – (fam. USA) to up with, alzare ( la mano, un'arma); brandire: He upped with his stick, ha brandito il bastone
    B v. t. (fam.)
    alzare; aumentare: to up prices, alzare (o aumentare) i prezzi
    ● (fam.) to up and off, prendere (o alzarsi) e andarsene □ to up the ante, alzare la posta.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ up

  • 13 tie

    1. n
    1) мотузка; стрічка; шнур; зав'язка; шнурок
    2) вузол, петля
    3) pl узи
    4) зв'язок, сполучення
    5) галстук, краватка
    6) обов'язок; зобов'язання
    7) тягар, клопіт
    8) рівна кількість голосів (виборців)
    9) амер. шпала

    to count (to hit) the ties — іти по шпалах

    11) спорт. нічия
    12) спорт. вирішальна зустріч (після нічиєї)
    13) муз. ліга, знак легато
    14) тех. зв'язок
    15) буд. розтягнутий елемент; затяжка

    black tie — дипя. смокінг

    white tie — дипл. фрак

    2. v
    1) зв'язувати, прив'язувати
    2) зв'язувати, скріпляти узами
    3) скріпляти, зав'язувати вузлом; перев'язувати; шнурувати
    4) зав'язуватися, з'єднуватися
    5) зобов'язувати; обтяжувати; обмежувати
    6) обмежувати умовами; робити застереження
    7) сковувати; перешкоджати
    8) амер. в'язати (у снопи)
    9) амер., розм. приєднуватися; узгоджуватися
    10) амер., розм. покладатися (на когось, на щось — to)
    11) (into) амер., розм. займатися (чимсь); братися (до чогось)
    12) одержувати однакову кількість голосів
    13) спорт. зрівняти рахунок; зіграти внічию
    14) муз. з'єднувати знаком легато
    15) амер. укладати шпали

    tie down — а) прив'язувати; б) зв'язувати, обмежувати

    tie up — а) зв'язувати, в'язати; перев'язувати; б) прив'язувати; в) зобов'язувати; г) перешкоджати; залишати невикористаним; припиняти; консервувати, заморожувати; не давати ходу; д) мор. швартувати (ся); є) укладати гроші в щось; є) розм. одружувати; ж) амер. об'єднувати зусилля (інтереси)

    to tie oneself (up) in(to) knots — заплутатися у труднощах

    to tie smb.'s neck and heels — зв'язувати комусь руки й ноги

    to tie smb. by the leg — амер. сковувати когось

    * * *
    I [tai] n
    1) мотузка, стрічка, шнур; вузол, петля; скріпа; скоба
    2) звичн. pl узи; зв'язок

    the ties of friendship [of marriage] — узи дружби [шлюбні узи]

    the ties of blood, blood ties — кревні узи, узи кревного споріднення

    3) борг, зобов'язання
    7) aмep. шпала

    to count /to hit/ the ties — іти по шпалах

    8) pl низькі черевики зі шнурками
    9) cпopт. гра внічию; змагання, у якому суперники приходять до фінішу одночасно

    to end in a tie — закінчитися внічию; матч між переможцями попередніх змагань; вирішальна зустріч ( після нічиєї)

    to play /to shoot/ off a tie — зіграти вирішальну партію

    10) мyз. ліга, знак легато
    11) мop. ( причальний) бридель
    12) cпeц. зв'язок; стор. розтягнутий елемент; затягування
    ••

    black tie — дип. смокінг

    white tie — дип. фрак

    the old school tie — солідарність, дух товариства; снобізм

    II [tai] v
    1) зв'язувати, прив'язувати

    to tie smth in a bunch — зв'язати щось у пучок

    to tie smb 's hands — зв'язати комусь руки (тж. перен.); перев'язувати

    to tie an artery — мeд. перев'язати артерію; вплітати

    to tie the (marriage, nuptial) knot — з'єднувати узами шлюбу, вінчати; p. p. зв'язувати, з'єднувати

    3) скріплювати; зав'язувати ( вузлом); перев'язувати; шнурувати

    to tie a bonnet [a tie, a knot, a loop, a scarf] — зав'язати капелюшок [краватку, вузлик, петлю, шарф]

    to tie the string tighter — затягти шнурок; зав'язуватися, з'єднуватися

    4) обмежувати свободу дій; зобов'язувати; обтяжувати, стиснути

    tied to/for/ time — зв'язаний /обмежений/ часом

    to tie smb to secrecy — зажадати від когось дотримання таємниці; обмежувати умовами; сковувати; перешкоджати

    he is tied to the job — він прив'язаний до роботи, через роботу він нікуди не може виїхати

    5) aмep. в'язати ( у снопи)
    6) aмep. приєднуватися; погоджуватися; this fact ties to no other цей факт ніяк не пов'язаний з іншими
    7) aмep. покладатися (на когось, щось) (to)
    8) aмep. займатися (чимось) ( into); прийматися (за щось) (за роботу); cл. накидатися ( на когось), різко критикувати ( когось)
    10) cпopт. зрівняти рахунок; зіграти внічию; прийти голова в голову ( про коня)

    to tie with smb for the first place — поділити з кимось перше е друге місця; зрівняти ( рахунок)

    to the score — зіграти унічию; зрівняти рахунок

    11) мyз. з'єднувати знаком легато, лігою
    12) aмep. вкладати шпали
    13) cл. знати щось подібне; знати дещо ліпше

    he borrows my car and thinks he's done me a favour. Can you tie that — є він користується моєю машиною е уважає, що робить мені ласку. Ви що-небудь подібне чулиє /Непогано, ає/

    to tie oneself in (to) knots — заплутатися в труднощах, проблемах

    to tie smb 's tongue — змусити когось мовчати

    to tie smb hand and foot, to tie smb neck and heels — зв'язувати когось по руках, ногам

    to ride and tie — див. ride II 1

    to tie smb by the leg — aмep. сковувати когось

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > tie

  • 14 on

    on [ɒn]
    sur ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c), 1D (j) à ⇒ 1A (c), 1D (f), 1D (h), 1D (i), 1D (j), 1F (c), 1F (f) en ⇒ 1A (c), 1F (g) par rapport à ⇒ 1C (e) selon ⇒ 1D (d) de ⇒ 1F (d) allumé ⇒ 3 (a) ouvert ⇒ 3 (a) en marche ⇒ 3 (a) de garde ⇒ 3 (c) de service ⇒ 3 (c)
    A.
    ∎ the vase is on the shelf le vase est sur l'étagère;
    ∎ put it on the shelf mets-le sur l'étagère;
    ∎ on the floor par terre;
    ∎ on the ceiling au plafond;
    ∎ there are posters on the walls il y a des affiches aux ou sur les murs;
    ∎ there was blood on the walls il y avait du sang sur les murs;
    ∎ a coat was hanging on the hook un manteau était accroché à la patère;
    ∎ the post with the seagull on it le poteau sur lequel il y a la mouette;
    ∎ he has a ring on his finger il a une bague au doigt;
    ∎ to lie on one's back/side être allongé sur le dos/côté;
    ∎ on this side de ce côté;
    ∎ on the other side of the page de l'autre côté de la page;
    ∎ on page four à la quatrième page, à la page quatre;
    ∎ on the left/right à gauche/droite
    ∎ I had nothing to write on je n'avais rien sur quoi écrire;
    ∎ red on a green background rouge sur un fond vert
    (c) (indicating general location, area)
    ∎ he works on a building site il travaille sur un chantier;
    ∎ they live on a farm ils habitent une ferme;
    ∎ there's been an accident on the M1 il y a eu un accident sur la M1;
    ∎ room on the second floor chambre au second (étage);
    ∎ on Arran/the Isle of Wight sur Arran/l'île de Wight;
    ∎ on Corsica/Crete en Corse/Crète;
    ∎ on Majorca/Minorca à Majorque/Minorque
    ∎ I kissed him on the cheek je l'ai embrassé sur la joue;
    ∎ someone tapped me on the shoulder quelqu'un m'a tapé sur l'épaule
    ∎ the village is right on the lake/sea le village est juste au bord du lac/de la mer
    (f) (indicating movement, direction)
    ∎ the mirror fell on the floor la glace est tombée par terre;
    ∎ to climb on(to) a wall grimper sur un mur;
    ∎ they marched on the capital ils marchèrent sur la capitale;
    ∎ don't tread on it ne marchez pas dessus
    B.
    ∎ I only had £10 on me je n'avais que 10 livres sur moi;
    ∎ she's got a gun on her elle est armée
    ∎ he had a scornful smile on his face il affichait un sourire plein de mépris
    C.
    (a) (indicating purpose of money, time, effort spent) sur;
    ∎ I spent hours on that essay j'ai passé des heures sur cette dissertation;
    ∎ she spent £1,000 on her new stereo elle a dépensé 1000 livres pour acheter sa nouvelle chaîne hi-fi;
    ∎ to put money on a horse parier ou miser sur un cheval;
    ∎ what are you working on at the moment? sur quoi travaillez-vous en ce moment?
    ∎ I am here on business je suis ici pour affaires;
    ∎ to be on strike être en grève;
    ∎ he's off on a trip to Brazil il part pour un voyage au Brésil;
    ∎ to go on safari faire un safari;
    ∎ she was sent on a course on l'a envoyée suivre des cours;
    ∎ I'm on nights next week je suis de nuit la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ he's on lunch/a break il est en train de déjeuner/faire la pause;
    ∎ she's been on the committee for years ça fait des années qu'elle siège au comité
    (c) (indicating special interest, pursuit)
    ∎ she's keen on music elle a la passion de la musique;
    ∎ he's good on modern history il excelle en histoire moderne;
    ∎ she's very big on equal opportunities l'égalité des chances, c'est son cheval de bataille
    ∎ on a large/small scale sur une grande/petite échelle
    (e) (compared with) par rapport à;
    ∎ imports are up/down on last year les importations sont en hausse/en baisse par rapport à l'année dernière;
    ∎ it's an improvement on the old system c'est une amélioration par rapport à l'ancien système
    D.
    (a) (about, on the subject of) sur;
    ∎ a book/film on the French Revolution un livre/film sur la Révolution française;
    ∎ we all agree on that point nous sommes tous d'accord sur ce point;
    ∎ I need some advice on a legal matter j'ai besoin de conseils sur un point légal;
    ∎ could I speak to you on a matter of some delicacy? pourrais-je vous parler d'une affaire assez délicate?;
    ∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui
    (b) (indicating person, thing affected) sur;
    ∎ it has no effect on them cela n'a aucun effet sur eux;
    ∎ a tax on alcohol une taxe sur les boissons alcoolisées;
    ∎ try it on your parents essaie-le sur tes parents;
    ∎ the government must act on inflation le gouvernement doit prendre des mesures contre l'inflation;
    ∎ he has survived two attempts on his life il a échappé à deux tentatives d'assassinat;
    ∎ it's unfair on women c'est injuste envers les femmes;
    ∎ the joke's on you! c'est toi qui as l'air ridicule!
    ∎ I cut my finger on a piece of glass je me suis coupé le doigt sur un morceau de verre
    ∎ everyone will be judged on their merits chacun sera jugé selon ses mérites;
    ∎ candidates are selected on their examination results les candidats sont choisis en fonction des résultats qu'ils ont obtenus à l'examen
    (e) (indicating reason, motive for action)
    ∎ on impulse sur un coup de tête;
    ∎ the police acted on information from abroad la police est intervenue après avoir reçu des renseignements de l'étranger;
    ∎ I shall refuse on principle je refuserai par principe
    (f) (included in, forming part of)
    ∎ your name isn't on the list votre nom n'est pas sur la liste;
    ∎ the books on the syllabus les livres au programme;
    ∎ on the agenda à l'ordre du jour
    (g) (indicating method, system)
    ∎ they work on a rota system ils travaillent par roulement;
    ∎ reorganized on a more rational basis réorganisé sur une base plus rationnelle
    ∎ on foot/horseback à pied/cheval;
    ∎ on the bus/train dans le bus/train;
    ∎ she arrived on the midday bus/train elle est arrivée par le bus/train de midi;
    ∎ on a bicycle à bicyclette
    ∎ to play a tune on the flute jouer un air à la flûte;
    ∎ who's on guitar/on drums? qui est à la guitare/à la batterie?
    ∎ , Television & Theatre I heard it on the radio/on television je l'ai entendu à la radio/à la télévision;
    ∎ it's the first time she's been on television c'est la première fois qu'elle passe à la télévision;
    ∎ what's on the other channel or side? qu'est-ce qu'il y a sur l'autre chaîne?;
    ∎ on stage sur scène
    ∎ it's all on computer tout est sur ordinateur;
    ∎ on file sur fichier
    E.
    INDICATING DATE, TIME ETC
    ∎ on the 6th of July le 6 juillet;
    ∎ on or about the 12th vers le 12;
    ∎ on Christmas Day le jour de Noël;
    ∎ I'll see her on Monday je la vois lundi;
    ∎ on Monday morning lundi matin;
    ∎ I don't work on Mondays je ne travaille pas le lundi;
    ∎ on a Monday morning in February un lundi matin (du mois) de février;
    ∎ on a fine day in June par une belle journée de juin;
    ∎ on time à l'heure;
    ∎ every hour on the hour à chaque heure;
    ∎ it's just on five o'clock il est cinq heures pile;
    ∎ just on a year ago (approximately) il y a près d'un an
    F.
    ∎ have a drink on me prenez un verre, c'est moi qui offre;
    ∎ the drinks are on me/the house! c'est ma tournée/la tournée du patron!;
    ∎ you can get it on the National Health ≃ c'est remboursé par la Sécurité sociale
    ∎ to live on one's private income/a student grant vivre de ses rentes/d'une bourse d'études;
    ∎ you can't live on such a low wage on ne peut pas vivre avec des revenus aussi modestes;
    ∎ familiar they're on the dole or on unemployment benefit ils vivent du chômage ou des allocations de chômage□ ;
    ∎ to retire on a pension of £5,000 a year prendre sa retraite avec une pension de 5000 livres par an
    ∎ it works on electricity ça marche à l'électricité
    ∎ they live on cereals ils se nourrissent de céréales;
    ∎ we dined on oysters and champagne nous avons dîné d'huîtres et de champagne
    (e) (indicating drugs, medicine prescribed)
    ∎ is she on the pill? est-ce qu'elle prend la pilule?;
    ∎ I'm still on antibiotics je suis toujours sous antibiotiques;
    ∎ the doctor put her on tranquillizers le médecin lui a prescrit des tranquillisants;
    ∎ he's on insulin/heroin il prend de l'insuline/de l'héroïne;
    ∎ he's on drugs il se drogue;
    ∎ familiar figurative what's he on? il se sent bien?
    ∎ he'll deal with it on his return il s'en occupera à son retour;
    ∎ looters will be shot on sight les pillards seront abattus sans sommation;
    ∎ on the death of his mother à la mort de sa mère;
    ∎ on my first/last visit lors de ma première/dernière visite;
    ∎ on the count of three à trois
    ∎ on hearing the news en apprenant la nouvelle;
    ∎ on completing the test candidates should… quand ils auront fini l'examen les candidats devront…
    ∎ the lid wasn't on le couvercle n'était pas mis;
    ∎ put the top back on afterwards remets le capuchon ensuite
    ∎ why have you got your gloves on? pourquoi as-tu mis tes gants?;
    ∎ the woman with the blue dress on la femme en robe bleue;
    ∎ what had she got on? qu'est-ce qu'elle portait?, comment était-elle habillée?;
    ∎ he's got nothing on il est nu
    ∎ to read on continuer à lire;
    ∎ the car drove on la voiture ne s'est pas arrêtée;
    ∎ they walked on ils poursuivirent leur chemin;
    ∎ from now or this moment or this time on désormais;
    ∎ from that day on à partir ou dater de ce jour;
    ∎ well on in years d'un âge avancé;
    ∎ earlier/later/further on plus tôt/tard/loin;
    ∎ on with the show! que le spectacle continue!
    ∎ I've got a lot on this week je suis très occupé cette semaine;
    ∎ have you got anything on tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir?
    (e) (functioning, running)
    ∎ put or turn or switch the television on allume la télévision;
    ∎ turn the tap on ouvre le robinet;
    ∎ the lights had been left on les lumières étaient restées allumées;
    ∎ the tap had been left on le robinet était resté ouvert;
    ∎ the car had its headlights on les phares de la voiture étaient allumés
    ∎ I have a bet on j'ai fait un pari
    ∎ to be or go on about sth parler de qch sans arrêt□ ;
    ∎ he's on about his new car again le voilà reparti sur sa nouvelle voiture;
    ∎ what's she on about? qu'est-ce qu'elle raconte?;
    ∎ he's always on about the war/teenagers il n'arrête pas de déblatérer sur la guerre/les adolescents;
    ∎ my parents are always on at me about my hair mes parents n'arrêtent pas de m'embêter avec mes cheveux;
    ∎ I've been on at them for months to get it fixed cela fait des mois que je suis sur leur dos pour qu'ils le fassent réparer
    (a) (working → electricity, light, radio, TV) allumé; (→ gas, tap) ouvert; (→ engine, machine) en marche; (→ handbrake) serré; (→ alarm) enclenché;
    ∎ the radio was on very loud la radio hurlait;
    ∎ make sure the switches are in the "on" position vérifiez que les interrupteurs sont sur (la position) "marche";
    ∎ the "on" button le bouton de mise en marche
    (b) (happening, under way)
    ∎ to be on (actor) être en scène;
    ∎ we're on in ten minutes c'est à nous dans dix minutes;
    ∎ there's a conference on next week il y a une conférence la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ the meeting is on right now la réunion est en train de se dérouler;
    ∎ the match is still on (on TV) le match n'est pas terminé; (going ahead) le match n'a pas été annulé;
    ∎ it's on at the local cinema ça passe au cinéma du quartier;
    ∎ the play was on for weeks la pièce a tenu l'affiche pendant des semaines;
    ∎ your favourite TV programme is on tonight il y a ton émission préférée à la télé ce soir;
    ∎ there's nothing good on (on TV, radio) il n'y a rien de bien;
    ∎ is the party still on? est-ce que la soirée se fait toujours?;
    ∎ is our deal still on? est-ce que notre affaire tient toujours?;
    ∎ the kettle's on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;
    ∎ hurry up, your dinner's on dépêche-toi, ton dîner va être prêt
    (c) (on duty → in hospital, surgery) de garde; (→ in shop, administration) de service;
    ∎ I'm on at three o'clock, then off at nine o'clock je commence à trois heures et je finis à neuf heures
    ∎ the odds are twenty to one on la cote est de vingt contre un
    ∎ such behaviour just isn't on! une telle conduite est tout à fait inadmissible!□ ;
    ∎ British it's not on! ça va pas du tout!
    (f) familiar (feasible, possible)
    ∎ we'll never be ready by tomorrow, it just isn't on nous ne serons jamais prêts pour demain, c'est tout bonnement impossible
    ∎ are you still on for dinner tonight? ça marche toujours pour le dîner de ce soir?;
    ∎ shall we say £10? - you're on! disons 10 livres? - d'accord ou tope là!;
    ∎ if you wash the dishes, I'll dry them - you're on! si tu fais la vaisselle, je l'essuie - ça marche!
    ∎ to be on (menstruating) avoir ses ragnagnas
    ∎ we went out together on and off for a year on a eu une relation irrégulière pendant un an
    sans arrêt;
    ∎ he goes on and on about his minor ailments il nous rebat les oreilles avec ses petits problèmes de santé;
    ∎ the play dragged on and on la pièce n'en finissait plus

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > on

  • 15 head

    1. [hed] n
    I
    1. 1) голова

    bald head - лысая голова, лысина

    taller by a head, a head taller - на голову выше

    to shake one's head - отрицательно покачать головой [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to dive head downwards /foremost/ - а) нырять головой вниз; б) действовать опрометчиво /необдуманно/

    to cut off smb.'s head - обезглавить кого-л.; снести кому-л. голову

    to win by a head спорт. - а) опередить на голову; б) еле-еле выиграть ( на скачках; тж. to win by short head)

    my head swims - у меня голова кружится, у меня всё плывёт перед глазами

    2) головной портрет, изображение головы
    3) жизнь

    it will cost him his head - он поплатится за это головой, это будет стоить ему жизни

    2. 1) ум, рассудок; способности

    a cool head - трезвый ум, рассудительный человек [см. тж. ♢ ]

    a hot head - горячая голова, горячий /вспыльчивый/ человек

    a wise head - а) умная голова, умница; б) ирон. умник

    to have a (good) head on one's shoulders - иметь хорошую /светлую/ голову

    to trouble /to bother/ one's head about smth. - а) беспокоиться о чём-л.; б) ломать голову над чем-л.

    to take smth. into one's head, to take it into one's head to do smth. - вбить /забрать/ себе что-л. в голову

    to keep smth. in one's head - держать что-л. в голове; хранить что-л. в памяти

    to be above smb. 's head - быть выше чьего-л. понимания /разумения/

    he has a good [a poor] head for figures - ему хорошо [плохо] даётся арифметика

    it came into his head - ему пришло /взбрело/ в голову

    it never entered his head to help me - ему и в голову не пришло помочь мне

    something put /sent/ it out of my head - это почему-то вылетело /выскочило/ у меня из головы, я почему-то забыл об этом

    2) (физиологическая) переносимость, способность

    he has a good /strong/ head for drink - он может много выпить

    3. человек

    ten dollars a /per/ head - по десяти долларов с человека /с каждого/

    4. (pl без измен.) голова скота

    the park feeds about 40 head of deer - в парке насчитывается около 40 оленей

    5. 1) стадо; стая (птиц)
    2) с.-х. поголовье
    6. амер. разг. головная боль (особ. с похмелья)

    I've got a bad /awful, thick/ head - у меня голова раскалывается /трещит/

    7. сл. рот

    to keep one's head shut - не болтать; помалкивать, попридержать язык

    8. рога ( оленя)
    9. уст. причёска; волосы
    10. амер. сл.
    1) наркоман
    2) фанатик, страстный поклонник, болельщик
    II
    1. 1) верхняя часть (чего-л.); верх, верхушка
    2) мор. топ ( мачты)
    2. 1) передняя, головная часть (чего-л.); перёд

    the head of a procession [of a column] - голова процессии [колонны]

    at the head of the page [of the list, of the chapter] - в начале страницы [списка, главы]

    at the head of the table - во главе стола, на почётном месте

    to be at the head of the field /pace/ - спорт. вести бег

    2) мор. передняя, носовая часть судна; нос ( судна)

    down by the head - а) на нос; б) образн. подвыпивший

    be in the position ❝head to wind❞ - «стать в левентик» ( парусный спорт)

    3. продвижение вперёд, прогресс

    we are making head at last - мы, наконец, добились сдвигов

    4. крона ( дерева)
    5. 1) головка
    2) колос, метёлка ( злаковых)
    6. главный исток, верховье ( реки)
    7. заглавие, заголовок; рубрика, параграф

    a document arranged under five heads - документ, состоящий из пяти разделов /пунктов/

    8. 1) мед. назревшая головка ( нарыва)

    to come /to draw/ to a head, to gather head - назреть ( о нарыве) [см. тж. 2)]

    2) критическая точка, перелом; кризис

    to come to a head - достигнуть критической стадии [см. тж. 1)]

    trouble coming to a head - беда, которая вот-вот разразится

    to bring smth. to a head - а) обострять что-л.; вызывать кризис; б) доводить что-л. до конца, заканчивать что-л.

    9. 1) головка (булавки, винта и т. п.); цилиндрическая головка ( болта)
    2) шляпка ( гвоздя)
    3) обух ( топора); боёк ( молота); лоб ( зубила)
    4) набалдашник ( трости)
    5) наконечник ( стрелы)
    7) воен. головка снаряда
    8) тех. насадка, ригель
    9) вчт. головка
    10. pl лицевая сторона ( монеты); орёл

    heads or tails? - орёл или решка?

    heads I win, tails you lose - если выпадет орёл, я выигрываю, а если решка - ты проигрываешь; ты проигрываешь в любом случае

    11. 1) пена (на пиве и т. п.)

    with a head on - с шапкой пены, пенящийся

    2) сливки ( на молоке)
    12. подъёмный навес; откидной верх (экипажа, автомобиля)

    a car with a folding /sliding/ head - автомобиль с открывающимся верхом, открытый автомобиль

    13. 1) днище (бочки, цистерны и т. п.)
    2) редк. кожа, натянутая на барабане
    14. элк., радио магнитная головка (тж. magnetic head)
    15. тех. бабка ( станка)
    16. тех. подвижной штамп
    17. стр. верхний брус ( оконной или дверной коробки)
    18. архит. капитель, замочный камень ( свода)
    19. 1) тж. pl горн. богатый концентрат
    2) pl хим. головной погон, головная фракция ( при перегонке)
    20. гидр. разность уровней; напор, высота напора, давление ( столба жидкости)

    to flow by heads - течь прерывистой струёй /толчками/; течь с перебоями

    21. метал. литник, прибыль ( при литье)
    22. геогр. мыс ( часто в названиях)
    23. амер.
    1) мор. жарг. гальюн
    2) прост. уборная, туалет
    III
    1. 1) глава, руководитель, начальник; главный, старший

    the Head - разг. начальник, главный, старший

    the head of a department - амер. руководитель отделения колледжа или университета

    Head of Government [of State] - глава правительства [государства]

    the Head of the Army - командующий вооружёнными силами, главнокомандующий

    2) вождь; вожак; предводитель
    3) = headmaster
    2. верхушка; руководство; головка
    3. ведущее, руководящее положение

    to be at [to rise to] the head of one's class - быть [стать] первым /лучшим/ учеником в классе

    4. лингв. вершина, стержневое слово, «хозяин» ( конструкции)

    head of a nominal expression - вершина /главный член/ именной конструкции

    ♢

    a head of hair - шапка /копна/ волос

    raw head and broody bones - а) изображение черепа с двумя скрещёнными костями; б) пугало, что-л. страшное

    scare head - амер. большой сенсационный заголовок ( в газете)

    an old head on young shoulders - ≅ мудрый не по летам

    big head and little wit - ≅ лоб широк, да мозгу мало

    off /out of/ one's head - сошедший с ума, спятивший; не в своём уме

    to go off /out of/ one's head - сойти с ума, рехнуться

    on one's head - а) на чьей-л. ответственности; б) на чьей-л. совести; в) = standing on one's head

    standing on one's head - легко, без труда

    I can do it standing on my head - мне ничего не стоит это сделать; я сделаю это с закрытыми глазами

    soft /weak/ in the head - придурковатый, глупый, слабоумный

    light in the head - а) испытывающий головокружение; it made him feel light in the head - от этого у него закружилась голова; б) глупый; в) спятивший, сумасшедший

    he is touched in the head - ≅ у него не все дома; у него винтика не хватает

    out of one's own head - из собственной головы, выдуманный, сочинённый

    over head and ears, head over ears (in love, in debt) - по уши (влюблённый, в долгу)

    head over heels, heels over head - а) вверх тормашками, вверх ногами; б) кубарем, кувырком; поспешно; в) до крайности, весьма

    from head to foot /heel/ - с головы до пят

    over /above/ smb.'s head - а) через чью-л. голову, не поставив в известность кого-л.; б) выше чьего-л. понимания /разумения/

    one's head off - до крайней степени; весьма; изо всех сил

    to work one's head off - работать до упаду /как вол/

    to shout one's head off - кричать во всю глотку /что есть мочи/

    to eat one's head off - а) наесться; объесться; есть много или долго; б) не окупать себя, не оправдывать своей работой стоимости содержания; в) ручаться

    I'll eat my head off, I'll give my head for it - даю голову на отсечение, ручаюсь

    to talk smb.'s head off - заговорить кого-л., замучить кого-л. разговорами

    to bite off smb.'s head, to snag /to eat/ smb.'s head off - резко, грубо оборвать кого-л. /огрызнуться/

    to beat smb.'s head off - разбить кого-л. наголову

    to be head and shoulders above others - быть на голову /неизмеримо/ выше других

    heads up! - а) берегись!, осторожнее!; б) посторонись!; heads up, everybody! - посторонись!, с дороги!; в) усилить наблюдение за воздухом! ( команда); г) внимание!; мяч!; сверху! (возглас игрока, пытающегося привлечь внимание к летящему мячу)

    to keep [to lose] one's head - сохранять спокойствие /присутствие духа/ [потерять голову]

    to keep a cool head - сохранять хладнокровие, не терять голову [см. тж. I 2]

    to lift up one's head - снова поднять голову, воспрянуть духом

    to turn smb.'s head - вскружить кому-л. голову

    to take the head - а) понести, закусить удила ( о лошади); б) выйти из повиновения, пуститься во все тяжкие

    to hide one's head - стыдиться; не знать, куда деваться от стыда, прятать глаза

    to hang /to have/ one's head down - а) стыдиться; б) повесить голову

    to hold one's head up, to carry one's head high - высоко держать голову

    to shake one's head at smth. - а) усомниться в чём-л.; б) не одобрять чего-л.; [ср. тж. I 1, 1)]

    to stake one's head on smth., to give one's head for smth. - ручаться головой за что-л., давать голову на отсечение

    to make head against smb., smth. - а) подниматься /восставать/ против кого-л., чего-л.; успешно сопротивляться; б) продвигаться вперёд, несмотря на противодействие

    to break one's head over smth. - ломать голову над чем-л.

    to bury /to hide/ one's head in the sand - зарывать /прятать/ голову в песок; придерживаться страусовой политики

    to hold /to keep/ one's head above water - едва сводить концы с концами, едва перебиваться

    to get a swelled head, to go about with one's head in the air - важничать, задаваться

    to beat /to bang/ one's head against the wall - ≅ биться головой об стену, пытаться прошибить лбом стену

    to have one's head in the clouds - ≅ витать в облаках

    to wash an ass's head - попусту стараться, затрачивать энергию зря

    to knock smb.'s heads together - решительными мерами примирить ссорящихся

    to lay /to put/ heads together - совещаться; совместно консультироваться, обсуждать

    to make head or tail of smth. - понять что-л., разобраться в чём-л.

    not to /to be unable to/ make head or tail of smth. - запутаться в чём-л., не суметь /быть не в состоянии/ разобраться в чём-л.

    to give smb. his head - дать кому-л. волю; разрешить кому-л. действовать по своему усмотрению

    to go to the head - а) опьянить, броситься в голову ( о вине); the whisky has gone to his head - виски ударило ему в голову; б) вскружить голову

    to stand on one's head - ≅ ходить на голове

    to hit the nail on the head - попасть в точку, угадать

    he has a cold in the head - он простудился, у него насморк

    to knock smth. on the head - положить конец чему-л., покончить с чем-л.

    to fling oneself at smb.'s head - ≅ вешаться кому-л. на шею

    to do smth. on one's own head - сделать что-л. с лёгкостью /без труда/

    on your head be it - а) пусть это будет на вашей совести; вы за это ответите; б) пусть возмездие обрушится на вашу голову

    to cut /to make/ shorter by the head - обезглавить

    heads will /would, are likely to/ roll - ≅ многих /кое-кого/ накажут /снимут с работы/

    two heads are better than one - посл. ≅ ум хорошо, а два лучше

    better be the head of a dog, than the tail of a lion - посл. ≅ лучше быть первым в деревне, чем последним в городе

    2. [hed] a
    1. 1) верхний; передний; головной
    2) главный, старший

    head electrician - кино бригадир осветителей

    2. встречный

    head wind - встречный /противный/ ветер

    3. предназначенный для ношения на голове; головной
    3. [hed] v
    1. возглавлять, стоять во главе; идти, стоять впереди

    to head an army [a procession, a parade, an expedition] - возглавлять армию [процессию, парад, экспедицию]

    2. превосходить; быть первым
    3. 1) озаглавливать; начинать (какими-л. словами)

    the article is headed... - статья озаглавлена...

    2) начинать, быть началом, открывать (текст и т. п.)

    these words head the charge - так /такими словами/ начинается обвинительное заключение

    4. 1) направлять

    to head smb. to the proper door - показать кому-л. нужную дверь, направить кого-л. в нужную комнату

    2) направляться; держать курс (куда-л.)

    to head straight for one's destination - направиться прямо к месту назначения

    how does the ship head? - куда направляется судно?

    5. 1) мешать, препятствовать ( движению)
    2) уступать (кому-л.) дорогу
    3) подниматься к истокам (реки, ручья и т. п.); обходить (реку, ручей и т. п.)

    the traveller headed the stream instead of crossing it - путешественник не стал переправляться через ручей, а обошёл /обогнул/ его

    4) двигаться навстречу (чему-л.)

    he headed the driving snow - он шёл в пургу против ветра, снег бил ему в лицо

    5) (for) навлекать на себя, напрашиваться

    to head for trouble - навлекать на себя неприятности; ≅ лезть на рожон

    6. брать начало, вытекать ( о реке)

    the Potomac heads in the Alleghanies - река Потомак берёт начало в Аллеганских горах

    7. насаживать, приделывать головку (к булавке, гвоздю, стреле и т. п.; тж. head up)
    8. (тж. head up)
    1) завиваться, образовывать кочаны (о капусте и т. п.)
    2) колоситься ( о злаковых)
    9. 1) нарвать, созреть ( о нарыве)
    2) достигать наивысшей, критической точки
    10. 1) срезать верхушку (дерева, растения; тж. head down)
    2) снимать, обрезать ( корку)
    3) обезглавливать
    11. отбивать мяч головой; играть головой (тж. head in; футбол)

    ♢ to head a trick - карт. бить /брать взятку/ старшей картой

    НБАРС > head

  • 16 head

    1. [hed] n
    I
    1. 1) голова

    bald head - лысая голова, лысина

    taller by a head, a head taller - на голову выше

    to shake one's head - отрицательно покачать головой [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to dive head downwards /foremost/ - а) нырять головой вниз; б) действовать опрометчиво /необдуманно/

    to cut off smb.'s head - обезглавить кого-л.; снести кому-л. голову

    to win by a head спорт. - а) опередить на голову; б) еле-еле выиграть ( на скачках; тж. to win by short head)

    my head swims - у меня голова кружится, у меня всё плывёт перед глазами

    2) головной портрет, изображение головы
    3) жизнь

    it will cost him his head - он поплатится за это головой, это будет стоить ему жизни

    2. 1) ум, рассудок; способности

    a cool head - трезвый ум, рассудительный человек [см. тж. ♢ ]

    a hot head - горячая голова, горячий /вспыльчивый/ человек

    a wise head - а) умная голова, умница; б) ирон. умник

    to have a (good) head on one's shoulders - иметь хорошую /светлую/ голову

    to trouble /to bother/ one's head about smth. - а) беспокоиться о чём-л.; б) ломать голову над чем-л.

    to take smth. into one's head, to take it into one's head to do smth. - вбить /забрать/ себе что-л. в голову

    to keep smth. in one's head - держать что-л. в голове; хранить что-л. в памяти

    to be above smb. 's head - быть выше чьего-л. понимания /разумения/

    he has a good [a poor] head for figures - ему хорошо [плохо] даётся арифметика

    it came into his head - ему пришло /взбрело/ в голову

    it never entered his head to help me - ему и в голову не пришло помочь мне

    something put /sent/ it out of my head - это почему-то вылетело /выскочило/ у меня из головы, я почему-то забыл об этом

    2) (физиологическая) переносимость, способность

    he has a good /strong/ head for drink - он может много выпить

    3. человек

    ten dollars a /per/ head - по десяти долларов с человека /с каждого/

    4. (pl без измен.) голова скота

    the park feeds about 40 head of deer - в парке насчитывается около 40 оленей

    5. 1) стадо; стая (птиц)
    2) с.-х. поголовье
    6. амер. разг. головная боль (особ. с похмелья)

    I've got a bad /awful, thick/ head - у меня голова раскалывается /трещит/

    7. сл. рот

    to keep one's head shut - не болтать; помалкивать, попридержать язык

    8. рога ( оленя)
    9. уст. причёска; волосы
    10. амер. сл.
    1) наркоман
    2) фанатик, страстный поклонник, болельщик
    II
    1. 1) верхняя часть (чего-л.); верх, верхушка
    2) мор. топ ( мачты)
    2. 1) передняя, головная часть (чего-л.); перёд

    the head of a procession [of a column] - голова процессии [колонны]

    at the head of the page [of the list, of the chapter] - в начале страницы [списка, главы]

    at the head of the table - во главе стола, на почётном месте

    to be at the head of the field /pace/ - спорт. вести бег

    2) мор. передняя, носовая часть судна; нос ( судна)

    down by the head - а) на нос; б) образн. подвыпивший

    be in the position ❝head to wind❞ - «стать в левентик» ( парусный спорт)

    3. продвижение вперёд, прогресс

    we are making head at last - мы, наконец, добились сдвигов

    4. крона ( дерева)
    5. 1) головка
    2) колос, метёлка ( злаковых)
    6. главный исток, верховье ( реки)
    7. заглавие, заголовок; рубрика, параграф

    a document arranged under five heads - документ, состоящий из пяти разделов /пунктов/

    8. 1) мед. назревшая головка ( нарыва)

    to come /to draw/ to a head, to gather head - назреть ( о нарыве) [см. тж. 2)]

    2) критическая точка, перелом; кризис

    to come to a head - достигнуть критической стадии [см. тж. 1)]

    trouble coming to a head - беда, которая вот-вот разразится

    to bring smth. to a head - а) обострять что-л.; вызывать кризис; б) доводить что-л. до конца, заканчивать что-л.

    9. 1) головка (булавки, винта и т. п.); цилиндрическая головка ( болта)
    2) шляпка ( гвоздя)
    3) обух ( топора); боёк ( молота); лоб ( зубила)
    4) набалдашник ( трости)
    5) наконечник ( стрелы)
    7) воен. головка снаряда
    8) тех. насадка, ригель
    9) вчт. головка
    10. pl лицевая сторона ( монеты); орёл

    heads or tails? - орёл или решка?

    heads I win, tails you lose - если выпадет орёл, я выигрываю, а если решка - ты проигрываешь; ты проигрываешь в любом случае

    11. 1) пена (на пиве и т. п.)

    with a head on - с шапкой пены, пенящийся

    2) сливки ( на молоке)
    12. подъёмный навес; откидной верх (экипажа, автомобиля)

    a car with a folding /sliding/ head - автомобиль с открывающимся верхом, открытый автомобиль

    13. 1) днище (бочки, цистерны и т. п.)
    2) редк. кожа, натянутая на барабане
    14. элк., радио магнитная головка (тж. magnetic head)
    15. тех. бабка ( станка)
    16. тех. подвижной штамп
    17. стр. верхний брус ( оконной или дверной коробки)
    18. архит. капитель, замочный камень ( свода)
    19. 1) тж. pl горн. богатый концентрат
    2) pl хим. головной погон, головная фракция ( при перегонке)
    20. гидр. разность уровней; напор, высота напора, давление ( столба жидкости)

    to flow by heads - течь прерывистой струёй /толчками/; течь с перебоями

    21. метал. литник, прибыль ( при литье)
    22. геогр. мыс ( часто в названиях)
    23. амер.
    1) мор. жарг. гальюн
    2) прост. уборная, туалет
    III
    1. 1) глава, руководитель, начальник; главный, старший

    the Head - разг. начальник, главный, старший

    the head of a department - амер. руководитель отделения колледжа или университета

    Head of Government [of State] - глава правительства [государства]

    the Head of the Army - командующий вооружёнными силами, главнокомандующий

    2) вождь; вожак; предводитель
    3) = headmaster
    2. верхушка; руководство; головка
    3. ведущее, руководящее положение

    to be at [to rise to] the head of one's class - быть [стать] первым /лучшим/ учеником в классе

    4. лингв. вершина, стержневое слово, «хозяин» ( конструкции)

    head of a nominal expression - вершина /главный член/ именной конструкции

    ♢

    a head of hair - шапка /копна/ волос

    raw head and broody bones - а) изображение черепа с двумя скрещёнными костями; б) пугало, что-л. страшное

    scare head - амер. большой сенсационный заголовок ( в газете)

    an old head on young shoulders - ≅ мудрый не по летам

    big head and little wit - ≅ лоб широк, да мозгу мало

    off /out of/ one's head - сошедший с ума, спятивший; не в своём уме

    to go off /out of/ one's head - сойти с ума, рехнуться

    on one's head - а) на чьей-л. ответственности; б) на чьей-л. совести; в) = standing on one's head

    standing on one's head - легко, без труда

    I can do it standing on my head - мне ничего не стоит это сделать; я сделаю это с закрытыми глазами

    soft /weak/ in the head - придурковатый, глупый, слабоумный

    light in the head - а) испытывающий головокружение; it made him feel light in the head - от этого у него закружилась голова; б) глупый; в) спятивший, сумасшедший

    he is touched in the head - ≅ у него не все дома; у него винтика не хватает

    out of one's own head - из собственной головы, выдуманный, сочинённый

    over head and ears, head over ears (in love, in debt) - по уши (влюблённый, в долгу)

    head over heels, heels over head - а) вверх тормашками, вверх ногами; б) кубарем, кувырком; поспешно; в) до крайности, весьма

    from head to foot /heel/ - с головы до пят

    over /above/ smb.'s head - а) через чью-л. голову, не поставив в известность кого-л.; б) выше чьего-л. понимания /разумения/

    one's head off - до крайней степени; весьма; изо всех сил

    to work one's head off - работать до упаду /как вол/

    to shout one's head off - кричать во всю глотку /что есть мочи/

    to eat one's head off - а) наесться; объесться; есть много или долго; б) не окупать себя, не оправдывать своей работой стоимости содержания; в) ручаться

    I'll eat my head off, I'll give my head for it - даю голову на отсечение, ручаюсь

    to talk smb.'s head off - заговорить кого-л., замучить кого-л. разговорами

    to bite off smb.'s head, to snag /to eat/ smb.'s head off - резко, грубо оборвать кого-л. /огрызнуться/

    to beat smb.'s head off - разбить кого-л. наголову

    to be head and shoulders above others - быть на голову /неизмеримо/ выше других

    heads up! - а) берегись!, осторожнее!; б) посторонись!; heads up, everybody! - посторонись!, с дороги!; в) усилить наблюдение за воздухом! ( команда); г) внимание!; мяч!; сверху! (возглас игрока, пытающегося привлечь внимание к летящему мячу)

    to keep [to lose] one's head - сохранять спокойствие /присутствие духа/ [потерять голову]

    to keep a cool head - сохранять хладнокровие, не терять голову [см. тж. I 2]

    to lift up one's head - снова поднять голову, воспрянуть духом

    to turn smb.'s head - вскружить кому-л. голову

    to take the head - а) понести, закусить удила ( о лошади); б) выйти из повиновения, пуститься во все тяжкие

    to hide one's head - стыдиться; не знать, куда деваться от стыда, прятать глаза

    to hang /to have/ one's head down - а) стыдиться; б) повесить голову

    to hold one's head up, to carry one's head high - высоко держать голову

    to shake one's head at smth. - а) усомниться в чём-л.; б) не одобрять чего-л.; [ср. тж. I 1, 1)]

    to stake one's head on smth., to give one's head for smth. - ручаться головой за что-л., давать голову на отсечение

    to make head against smb., smth. - а) подниматься /восставать/ против кого-л., чего-л.; успешно сопротивляться; б) продвигаться вперёд, несмотря на противодействие

    to break one's head over smth. - ломать голову над чем-л.

    to bury /to hide/ one's head in the sand - зарывать /прятать/ голову в песок; придерживаться страусовой политики

    to hold /to keep/ one's head above water - едва сводить концы с концами, едва перебиваться

    to get a swelled head, to go about with one's head in the air - важничать, задаваться

    to beat /to bang/ one's head against the wall - ≅ биться головой об стену, пытаться прошибить лбом стену

    to have one's head in the clouds - ≅ витать в облаках

    to wash an ass's head - попусту стараться, затрачивать энергию зря

    to knock smb.'s heads together - решительными мерами примирить ссорящихся

    to lay /to put/ heads together - совещаться; совместно консультироваться, обсуждать

    to make head or tail of smth. - понять что-л., разобраться в чём-л.

    not to /to be unable to/ make head or tail of smth. - запутаться в чём-л., не суметь /быть не в состоянии/ разобраться в чём-л.

    to give smb. his head - дать кому-л. волю; разрешить кому-л. действовать по своему усмотрению

    to go to the head - а) опьянить, броситься в голову ( о вине); the whisky has gone to his head - виски ударило ему в голову; б) вскружить голову

    to stand on one's head - ≅ ходить на голове

    to hit the nail on the head - попасть в точку, угадать

    he has a cold in the head - он простудился, у него насморк

    to knock smth. on the head - положить конец чему-л., покончить с чем-л.

    to fling oneself at smb.'s head - ≅ вешаться кому-л. на шею

    to do smth. on one's own head - сделать что-л. с лёгкостью /без труда/

    on your head be it - а) пусть это будет на вашей совести; вы за это ответите; б) пусть возмездие обрушится на вашу голову

    to cut /to make/ shorter by the head - обезглавить

    heads will /would, are likely to/ roll - ≅ многих /кое-кого/ накажут /снимут с работы/

    two heads are better than one - посл. ≅ ум хорошо, а два лучше

    better be the head of a dog, than the tail of a lion - посл. ≅ лучше быть первым в деревне, чем последним в городе

    2. [hed] a
    1. 1) верхний; передний; головной
    2) главный, старший

    head electrician - кино бригадир осветителей

    2. встречный

    head wind - встречный /противный/ ветер

    3. предназначенный для ношения на голове; головной
    3. [hed] v
    1. возглавлять, стоять во главе; идти, стоять впереди

    to head an army [a procession, a parade, an expedition] - возглавлять армию [процессию, парад, экспедицию]

    2. превосходить; быть первым
    3. 1) озаглавливать; начинать (какими-л. словами)

    the article is headed... - статья озаглавлена...

    2) начинать, быть началом, открывать (текст и т. п.)

    these words head the charge - так /такими словами/ начинается обвинительное заключение

    4. 1) направлять

    to head smb. to the proper door - показать кому-л. нужную дверь, направить кого-л. в нужную комнату

    2) направляться; держать курс (куда-л.)

    to head straight for one's destination - направиться прямо к месту назначения

    how does the ship head? - куда направляется судно?

    5. 1) мешать, препятствовать ( движению)
    2) уступать (кому-л.) дорогу
    3) подниматься к истокам (реки, ручья и т. п.); обходить (реку, ручей и т. п.)

    the traveller headed the stream instead of crossing it - путешественник не стал переправляться через ручей, а обошёл /обогнул/ его

    4) двигаться навстречу (чему-л.)

    he headed the driving snow - он шёл в пургу против ветра, снег бил ему в лицо

    5) (for) навлекать на себя, напрашиваться

    to head for trouble - навлекать на себя неприятности; ≅ лезть на рожон

    6. брать начало, вытекать ( о реке)

    the Potomac heads in the Alleghanies - река Потомак берёт начало в Аллеганских горах

    7. насаживать, приделывать головку (к булавке, гвоздю, стреле и т. п.; тж. head up)
    8. (тж. head up)
    1) завиваться, образовывать кочаны (о капусте и т. п.)
    2) колоситься ( о злаковых)
    9. 1) нарвать, созреть ( о нарыве)
    2) достигать наивысшей, критической точки
    10. 1) срезать верхушку (дерева, растения; тж. head down)
    2) снимать, обрезать ( корку)
    3) обезглавливать
    11. отбивать мяч головой; играть головой (тж. head in; футбол)

    ♢ to head a trick - карт. бить /брать взятку/ старшей картой

    НБАРС > head

  • 17 tie

    1. [taı] n
    1. бечёвка, лента, шнур; узел, петля; скрепа; скоба
    2. обыкн. pl узы; связь

    the ties of friendship [of marriage] - узы дружбы [брачные узы]

    the ties of blood, blood ties - кровные узы, узы кровного родства

    the silken tie - поэт. узы любви и дружбы

    to break a tie of smth. - разорвать узы чего-л.

    3. долг, обязательство

    a man free from bonds and ties - человек, не связанный никакими обязательствами

    4. обуза

    the dog was rather a tie - пёс его связывал, уход за псом был обременителен

    5. равное число голосов ( избирателей)
    6. галстук
    7. амер. шпала

    to count /to hit/ the ties - разг. идти по шпалам

    8. pl разг. низкие ботинки со шнурками
    9. спорт.
    1) игра вничью; состязание, в котором соперники приходят к финишу одновременно
    2) матч между победителями предыдущих соревнований; решающая встреча ( после ничьей)

    to play /to shoot/ off a tie - сыграть решающую партию

    10. муз. лига, знак легато
    11. мор. (причальный) бридель
    12. 1) спец. связь
    2) стр. растянутый элемент; затяжка

    ♢ black tie - дип. смокинг

    white tie - дип. фрак

    the old school tie - шутл. а) солидарность, дух товарищества; б) снобизм

    2. [taı] v
    1. 1) связывать, привязывать

    to tie smth. in a bunch - связать что-л. в пучок

    to tie smb.'s hands - связать кому-л. руки (тж. перен.)

    2) перевязывать

    to tie an artery - мед. перевязать артерию

    3) вплетать
    2. 1) связывать узами

    to tie the (marriage, nuptial) knot - соединять узами брака, венчать

    2) преим. p. p. связывать, соединять

    to be tied to the mainland by an isthmus - быть связанным с материком перешейком

    3. 1) скреплять; завязывать (узлом); перевязывать; шнуровать

    to tie the legs of a table - связать /скрепить/ ножки стола

    to tie a bonnet [a tie, a knot, a loop, a scarf] - завязать шляпку [галстук, узелок, петлю, шарф]

    2) завязываться, соединяться
    4. 1) стеснять свободу действий; обязывать; обременять, стеснять

    tied to /for/ time - связанный /ограниченный/ временем

    to tie smb. to secrecy - потребовать от кого-л. соблюдения тайны

    2) ограничивать условиями

    I shan't tie you too rigidly - я не стану ставить вам слишком жёсткие условия

    3) сковывать; препятствовать

    the wood ties the saw - дерево зажимает пилу, пила застревает в полене

    he is tied to the job - он привязан к работе, из-за работы он никуда не может уехать

    5. амер. вязать (в снопы)
    6. амер. разг. присоединяться; согласовываться
    7. (to) амер. разг. полагаться (на кого-л., что-л.)

    he wants smb. to tie to - ему нужна опора

    8. (into)
    1) амер. разг. заниматься (чем-л.); приниматься (за что-л.)

    on the following day we tied into it again - на следующий день мы снова впряглись в работу

    2) сл. набрасываться (на кого-л.), резко критиковать (кого-л.)
    9. получать равное число голосов
    10. спорт.
    1) сравнять счёт; сыграть вничью; прийти голова в голову ( о лошади)

    to tie with smb. - сыграть вничью с кем-л.

    to tie with smb. for the first place - поделить с кем-л. первое и второе места

    2) сравнять ( счёт)

    to tie the score - сыграть вничью; сравнять счёт

    11. муз. соединять знаком легато, лигой
    12. амер. укладывать шпалы
    13. сл. знать что-л. подобное; знать кое-что почище

    he borrows my car and thinks he's done me a favour. Can you tie that? - он пользуется моей машиной и считает, что делает мне одолжение. Вы что-либо подобное слышали? /Неплохо, а?, Слыханное ли это дело?/

    ♢ to tie oneself in(to) knots - запутаться в трудностях

    to tie smb.'s tongue - заставить кого-л. молчать

    to tie smb. hand and foot, to tie smb. neck and heels - связывать кого-л. по рукам и ногам

    to ride and tie см. ride III, 1)

    to tie smb. by the leg - амер. сковывать кого-л.

    НБАРС > tie

  • 18 two

    tu: 1. noun
    1) (the number or figure 2.) to(tall), toer
    2) (the age of 2.) toårsalder
    2. adjective
    1) (2 in number.) to
    2) (aged 2.) to (år gammel)
    •
    - two-faced
    - two-handed
    - twosome
    - two-way
    - two-year-old     3. adjective
    ((of a person, animal or thing) that is two years old.) toårs-, toårig
    to
    I
    subst. \/tuː\/
    toer, totall
    by twos eller in twos to og to, to om gangen, parvis
    in two twos øyeblikkelig, på et øyeblikk i en håndvending
    II
    determ. \/tuː\/
    to
    count as two telle som to, gjelde for to
    in two i stykker, i tu, i to (deler)
    put two and two together ( overført) legge sammen to og to, trekke sine konklusjoner
    that makes two of us ( hverdagslig) da er vi like (du og jeg), det er likedan med meg, det gjelder meg også, da er vi to om det
    two and two eller two by two to og to, to om gangen parvis
    two can play at that game forklaring: uttrykk som indikerer at noen kan vente seg å få igjen med samme mynt eller få smake sin egen medisin
    two's company, three's a crowd tre er en for mye
    two heads are better than one to hoder tenker bedre enn ett

    English-Norwegian dictionary > two

  • 19 tie

    I [tai] n
    1) мотузка, стрічка, шнур; вузол, петля; скріпа; скоба
    2) звичн. pl узи; зв'язок

    the ties of friendship [of marriage] — узи дружби [шлюбні узи]

    the ties of blood, blood ties — кревні узи, узи кревного споріднення

    3) борг, зобов'язання
    7) aмep. шпала

    to count /to hit/ the ties — іти по шпалах

    8) pl низькі черевики зі шнурками
    9) cпopт. гра внічию; змагання, у якому суперники приходять до фінішу одночасно

    to end in a tie — закінчитися внічию; матч між переможцями попередніх змагань; вирішальна зустріч ( після нічиєї)

    to play /to shoot/ off a tie — зіграти вирішальну партію

    10) мyз. ліга, знак легато
    11) мop. ( причальний) бридель
    12) cпeц. зв'язок; стор. розтягнутий елемент; затягування
    ••

    black tie — дип. смокінг

    white tie — дип. фрак

    the old school tie — солідарність, дух товариства; снобізм

    II [tai] v
    1) зв'язувати, прив'язувати

    to tie smth in a bunch — зв'язати щось у пучок

    to tie smb 's hands — зв'язати комусь руки (тж. перен.); перев'язувати

    to tie an artery — мeд. перев'язати артерію; вплітати

    to tie the (marriage, nuptial) knot — з'єднувати узами шлюбу, вінчати; p. p. зв'язувати, з'єднувати

    3) скріплювати; зав'язувати ( вузлом); перев'язувати; шнурувати

    to tie a bonnet [a tie, a knot, a loop, a scarf] — зав'язати капелюшок [краватку, вузлик, петлю, шарф]

    to tie the string tighter — затягти шнурок; зав'язуватися, з'єднуватися

    4) обмежувати свободу дій; зобов'язувати; обтяжувати, стиснути

    tied to/for/ time — зв'язаний /обмежений/ часом

    to tie smb to secrecy — зажадати від когось дотримання таємниці; обмежувати умовами; сковувати; перешкоджати

    he is tied to the job — він прив'язаний до роботи, через роботу він нікуди не може виїхати

    5) aмep. в'язати ( у снопи)
    6) aмep. приєднуватися; погоджуватися; this fact ties to no other цей факт ніяк не пов'язаний з іншими
    7) aмep. покладатися (на когось, щось) (to)
    8) aмep. займатися (чимось) ( into); прийматися (за щось) (за роботу); cл. накидатися ( на когось), різко критикувати ( когось)
    10) cпopт. зрівняти рахунок; зіграти внічию; прийти голова в голову ( про коня)

    to tie with smb for the first place — поділити з кимось перше е друге місця; зрівняти ( рахунок)

    to the score — зіграти унічию; зрівняти рахунок

    11) мyз. з'єднувати знаком легато, лігою
    12) aмep. вкладати шпали
    13) cл. знати щось подібне; знати дещо ліпше

    he borrows my car and thinks he's done me a favour. Can you tie that — є він користується моєю машиною е уважає, що робить мені ласку. Ви що-небудь подібне чулиє /Непогано, ає/

    to tie oneself in (to) knots — заплутатися в труднощах, проблемах

    to tie smb 's tongue — змусити когось мовчати

    to tie smb hand and foot, to tie smb neck and heels — зв'язувати когось по руках, ногам

    to ride and tie — див. ride II 1

    to tie smb by the leg — aмep. сковувати когось

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > tie

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